From: GIS measured environmental correlates of active school transport: A systematic review of 14 studies
 | Individual | Trip | School | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental variables | -ve | +ve | Null | -ve | +ve | Null | -ve | +ve | Null |
Distance | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Distance to school | Â | [25]c,d | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Distance to central business district | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [25]c,d,e,f | Â | Â | Â |
Density | |||||||||
Residential density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [20] | Â | ||
Residential index | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employment density | Â | Â | [24]c | Â | Â | Â | |||
Building density | Â | [29]d,l | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
School density | Â | Â | Â | Â | [24]d | [24]c | Â | Â | Â |
Density of school- or work-related trips | Â | Â | Â | Â | [25]c,d,e,f | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Vehicle density | Â | [29]d,l | [29]c | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diversity | |||||||||
Mixed land use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Commercial floor area ratio | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [19]a,b | Â | Â | Â |
Design-connectivity-intersections | |||||||||
Intersection density | Â | Â | Â | [25]c,d,e,f | Â | Â | [20] | ||
Percent of each way intersections | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Connected node ratio | [27]a,b,e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cul-de-sac density | [17]a | Â | [17]b | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Design-connectivity-route directness | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
Route directness | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Design-connectivity-streets | |||||||||
Block/road density | Â | [27]a,b,e | [29]c,d | Â | [25]d,e | Â | Â | Â | |
Average block size | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Length of motorway | Â | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Length of main street | Â | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Length of side street | Â | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Proportion of primary roads | Â | Â | [27]a,b,e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Vehicle lane width | Â | Â | [25]c,d | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Design-Pedestrian-sidewalk and bike lanes | |||||||||
Sidewalk length | Â | Â | [23]c,d,e,f | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sidewalk width | Â | Â | [29]c,d | Â | Â | [19]a,b | Â | Â | Â |
Sidewalk density | Â | [29]c,m | Â | [19]a | [19]b | Â | Â | Â | |
Bike lane density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [19]a,b | Â | Â | Â |
Street spatial design | |||||||||
Rail roads crossing | Â | Â | [17]a,b,g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Motorway crossing | Â | Â | [26]g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Major roads crossing | Â | Â | [17]a,b,g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Main street crossing | [26]g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Side street crossing | Â | Â | [26]g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Busy road crossing | [28]g,h,i | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Busy/main road along the route | [27]a,b | Â | [28]h,i | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Main road outside child's home | Â | Â | [27]a,b,e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Proportion of primary roads | Â | Â | [27]a,b,g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Walkability index | |||||||||
Individual walkability index | Â | [16] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Neighbourhood walkability index | Â | [16] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Effective walkable area | Â | Â | [27]a,b,e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Topography | |||||||||
Greenery | Â | [23]c,e | Â | Â | [19]a,b | Â | Â | Â | |
Steep incline | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Geographic regions | [22]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urbanisation | Â | [27]a,b,e,q | Â | [24]c,d | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Safety | |||||||||
Density of traffic accidents | Â | Â | [27]a,b,q,e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Streetlight density | Â | Â | [27]a,b,e,g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Demographic-socioeconomic factors (income, employment) | |||||||||
Area-level SES | Â | Â | [28]h,i | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Neighbourhood income | [23]d,f | Â | [16] | [25]c,d,e,f | [24]c,d | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Socioeconomic deprivation | Â | [27]a,b,e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of residents on public assistance | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of residents living below poverty line | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of residents unemployed | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Demographic-education | |||||||||
Educational attainment at neighbourhood level | Â | Â | [23]c,d,e,f | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Demographic-housing | |||||||||
Percent of residents living in owner-occupied housing | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of residents living in the same house since 1995 | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of residents living in female headed households | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Demographic-ethnicity | |||||||||
Percent of residents born aboard | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of residents being Black | Â | Â | [18]j,k | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Demographic-parenthood | |||||||||
Single parenthood at neighbourhood level | Â | Â | [23]c,d,e,f | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Interactions | |||||||||
Neighbourhood walkability × income |  | [16] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Neighbourhood walkability × parental concern |  | [16] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distance to school × community | [26]# |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distance to central business district × block density | [25]c,d,e,## |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |