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Table 2 Child and parent correlates of parenting practices at child's age of 5 years (N = 2021)

From: Association between parenting practices and children's dietary intake, activity behavior and development of body mass index: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study

    

Standardized regression coefficients (β) a

    

Parenting Practices

    

Diet-related

Activity-related

    

Restric-tion un-healthy

Monito-ring

Stimu-lation healthy

Restric-tion se-dentary

Monito-ring

Stimu-lation PA

Child characteristics

General

Gender (boy = 1, girl = 2)

 

0.08**

0.01

0.03

-0.07**

0.00

-0.02

  

Birth weight (grams)

 

0.00

0.00

-0.03

0.03

0.01

0.00

  

BMI z-score 5 years

 

0.10***

0.05

0.07*

0.05

0.03

0.03

 

Diet

Eating style

Hungry

0.14***

-0.05

-0.04

b

b

b

   

Picky

0.21***

0.00

-0.21***

b

b

b

 

Activity

Activity style

Active

b

b

b

-0.13***

-0.02

0.06*

Parental characteristics

Maternal

BMI

 

-0.10**

-0.03

-0.14***

-0.05

-0.03

-0.05

  

Educational level (compared to medium)

Low

-0.05

-0.02

-0.07*

0.02

0.00

-0.07*

   

High

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.09**

0.04

0.02

  

Employment (hours per week)

 

-0.01

-0.07*

-0.03

0.00

-0.10***

-0.09**

  

Country of birth (NL = 0, other = 1)

 

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

  

Age at birth of child (years)

 

0.00

-0.01

0.03

0.01

-0.02

-0.03

 

Paternal

BMI

 

0,01

-0.02

0.02

0.03

-0.03

0.03

  

Educational level (compared to medium)

Low

0.00

-0.02

0.01

-0.05

-0.04

0.02

   

High

0.04

-0.07*

0.03

0.02

0.03

-0.02

  

Employment (hours per week)

 

0.00

0.01

-0.03

-0.01

0.03

0.00

  

Country of birth (NL = 0, other = 1)

 

0.05

0.02

0.00

-0.01

0.01

-0.01

  1. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  2. aParenting practices were assessed on a scale from 1-5. All independent variables were entered simultaneously. All analyses were adjusted for recruitment group.
  3. bVariable not included in the current analysis. Eating style was only included as a predictor in the analyses using diet-related practices as dependent variables; activity style was only included in the analyses using activity-related practices as dependent variables.
  4. Notes: BMI = Body mass index, PA = Physical activity, NL = the Netherlands.