Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: Recruiting participants to walking intervention studies: a systematic review
Study Number, Author and Pub. Year | Country | Study Type | Study aim | Target Population | Quality Metric Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Watson et al, 2005 | Australia | Before-and-after study | Evaluate the effect of pram walking groups on self-reported PA, mental health and social indicators. | Post-natal mothers | 5 |
2. Banks-Wallace et al, 2004 | USA | Before-and-after study Methods paper | Examine the effect of pre-intervention meetings as a strategy for recruitment of African American women to a walking programme. | African American women in a local community (Minority group) | 4 |
3. Kolt et al, 2006 | New Zealand | RCT | To investigate the effectiveness of a telephone-based counselling intervention aimed to increase physical activity in sedentary older adults. | Older sedentary adults (> 65) | 4 |
4. Nguyen et al, 2002 | Canada | Qualitative | To evaluate the experience of delivering a walking club (qualitative method) | General community | 4 |
5. Prestwich et al, 2010 | UK | RCT | To test the effect of implementation intentions and text messages on the promotion of brisk walking. | University students | 4 |
6. Rowland et al, 2004 | USA | RCT Methods paper | To report on the recruitment of sedentary adults to the SHAPE programme | Sedentary older adults | 4 |
7. Sherman et al, 2006 | USA | Before-and-after study | Effect of a brief primary care based walking intervention in rural women | Rural women | 4 |
8. Wilbur et al, 2006 | USA | Before-and-after study Methods paper | To identify strategies successful in the recruitment of African American women to a home-based walking programme and to examine the factors that contribute to attrition, eligibility, and ineligibility during the recruitment screening protocol. | African American Women | 4 |
9. Baker et al, 2008b | UK | RCT | Effectiveness of pedometer based community walking intervention on PA and health | Community members in areas of high deprivation (> 15% SIMD) | 3 |
10. Brownson et al 2005 | USA | NRCT | To evaluate the impact of community based walking approaches | Rural community members | 3 |
11. Cox et al, 2008 | Australia | RCT | Examine the effects of exercise mode and a behavioural intervention on short and long-term retention and adherence. | Previously sedentary older women | 3 |
12. Dinger et al, 2007 | USA | RCT | Compare the effectiveness of two email delivered, pedometer based interventions designed to increase walking and TTM constructs among insufficiently active women. | Insufficiently active women (University staff and local community members) | 3 |
13. Dubbert et al, 2002 | USA | RCT | Effect of nurse counselling on walking for exercise in elderly patients (10 months study) | Elderly primary care patients | 3 |
14. Dubbert et al, 2008 | USA | RCT | To evaluate the effects of counselling linked with PHC visits on walking and strength exercise in aging veterans | Elderly veterans | 3 |
15. Gilson et al, 2008 | UK | RCT, Qualitative | To compare two walking interventions and measure their effect on daily step counts in a work-place environment | Work-place employees | 3 |
16. Jancey et al, 2008 | Australia | Before-and-after study | To mobilise older adults into a neighbourhood-based walking programme | Older adults | 3 |
17. Lamb et al, 2002 | UK | RCT | To compare lead walks vs. advice only on PA (walking) | Middle aged adults | 3 |
18. Lee et al, 1997 | USA | RCT Methods paper | To compare the efficacy of a mail versus phone based behavioural intervention to promote walking for US adults | Sedentary ethnic minority women | 3 |
19. Matthews et al, 2007 | USA | RCT | To evaluate the effects of a 12-week home-based walking intervention among breast cancer survivors | Breast cancer survivors | 3 |
20. Merom et al, 2007 | Australia | RCT | Efficacy of pedometers to act as a motivational tool in place of face to face contact as part of a self-help package to increase PA through walking. | Inactive adults | 3 |
21. Ornes and Ransdell, 2007 | USA | RCT | To evaluate the impact of a web-based intervention for women | Women | 3 |
22. Richardson et al, 2007 | USA | RCT | To compare the effects of structured and lifestyle goals in an internet-mediated walking programme for adults with type 2 diabetes | Adults with type 2 diabetes | 3 |
23. Rosenberg et al, 2009 | USA | Before-and-after study | Feasibility and acceptability of a novel multilevel walking intervention for older adults in a continuing care retirement community (CCRC). | Older adults | 3 |
24. Whitt-Glover et al, 2008 | USA | Before-and-after study | Feasibility and acceptability of implementing a physical activity program for sedentary black adults in churches. (Information sessions and lead walks) | Black adult, church attendees | 3 |
25. Arbour & Ginis, 2009 | Canada | RCT | Evaluate the effectiveness of implementation intentions on walking behaviour | Women in the workplace | 2 |
26. Culos-Reed et al, 2008 | Canada | Before-and-after study | To assess the feasibility and health benefits of a mall walking programme. | NS | 2 |
27. Currie and Develin, 2001 | Australia | Before-and-after study | To evaluate the impact of a community based pram walking programme-organised pram walks. | Mothers and young children | 2 |
28. Darker et al, 2010 | UK | RCT | To examine whether altering perceived behavioural control (PBC) affects walking (6/7 weeks). | NS | 2 |
29. De Cocker et al 2007 | Belgium | NRCT | Describe the effectiveness of the '10,000 steps Ghent' project. | 'General population' adults in a local community | 2 |
30. Dinger et al, 2005 | USA | NRCT | Examine the impact of a 6 week minimal contact intervention on walking behaviour, TTM and self efficacy among women. | Female employees or spouses of university employees | 2 |
31. Engel and Lindner, 2006 | Australia | RCT | To evaluate the effect of a pedometer intervention on adults with type 2 diabetes | Adults with type 2 diabetes | 2 |
32. Foreman et al, 2001 | Australia | Qualitative | To increase the community's participation in physical activity through group walking | Community members | 2 |
33. Humpel et al, 2004 | Australia | RCT | Examine the effectiveness of self-help print materials and phone counselling in a study aimed specifically at promoting walking for specific purposes | Over 40 year old community members | 2 |
34. Nies et al, 2006 | USA | RCT | To increase walking activity in sedentary women (Video education, brief telephone calls without counselling, brief telephone calls with counselling) | European American and African America women. | 2 |
35. Purath et al, 2004 | USA | RCT | To determine if a brief, tailored counselling intervention is effective for increasing physical activity in sedentary women, in the workplace | Women in the workplace | 2 |
36. Shaw et al, 2007 | Australia | Before-and-after study | To evaluate a workplace pedometer intervention | Men and women in the workplace | 2 |
37. Sidman et al, 2004 | USA | Before-and-after study | Promote physical activity through walking | Sedentary women | 2 |
38. Thomas and Williams, 2006 | Australia | Before-and-after study | Increase activity through wearing a pedometer and encouraging participants to aim for 10,000 steps per day. | Workplace staff (Excluding hospital and community services staff) | 2 |
39. Tudor-Locke et al, 2002 | USA | Before-and-after study | Feasibility study of a community walking intervention | Sedentary diabetes sufferers | 2 |
40. Baker et al, 2008a | UK | RCT | Examine the effectiveness of pedometers to motivate walking. | NS | 1 |
41. Hultquist et al, 2005 | USA | RCT | To compare the impact of two walking promotion messages | NS | 1 |
42. Lomabrd et al, 1995 | USA | RCT | To evaluate the effects of low v high prompting for walking | NS | 1 |
43. DNSWH, 2002 | Australia | Before-and-after study | To evaluate the impact of park modification, promotion of park use and establishment of walking groups on physical activity (including walking) | NS | 1 |
44. Rovniak, 2005 | USA | Before-and-after study | Examine the extent to which theoretical fidelity influenced the effectiveness of two walking programmes based on SCT. | NS | 1 |
45. Rowley et al, 2007 | UK | Before-and-after study | To examine the development of two walking programmes by a health visiting team to encourage undertaking of more exercise. | Parents and children | 1 |
46. Talbot et al, 2003 | USA | RCT | To evaluate the effects of a home based walking programme with arthritis self-management education | Older adults | 1 |
47. Wyatt et al, 2004 | USA | Before-and-after study | Increasing lifestyle physical activity (i.e. walking) for weight gain prevention | State wide residents of the community | 1 |