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Table 4 Multilevel Modeling Analyses Predicting Health Behavior after an Intervention and the Cross-Level Interaction between Individual Characteristics and Times

From: Behavior change following a self-management intervention for housebound older adults with arthritis: an experimental study

  

Baseline

Pre-intervention Change from Baseline

Post-intervention Change from Baseline

Within-Subject Fixed Effects

 

Parameter

Coeff.

SE

Parameter

Coeff.

SE

Parameter

Coeff.

SE

Occurrence of exercise

Intercept

γ00

1.66

.15

γ10

-.39

.09

γ20

-.30

.09

 

Group

γ01

.07

.20

γ11

.25

.11

γ21

.58*

.11

Variety of exercises

Intercept

γ00

.40

.13

γ10

-.25

.19

γ20

-.14

.19

 

Group

γ01

-.07

.17

γ11

.22

.24

γ21

.43*

.24

- Occurrence of stretching

Intercept

γ00

.56

.19

γ10

-.27

.14

γ20

-.18

.14

 

Group

γ01

.19

.24

γ11

.11

.18

γ21

.67*

.17

- Occurrence of walking

Intercept

γ00

.56

.22

γ10

-.49

.14

γ20

-.72

.16

 

Group

γ01

-.22

.29

γ11

.41

.19

γ21

.76*

.21

- Occurrence of strengthening exercises

Intercept

γ00

-.48

.29

γ10

-.42

.19

γ20

.05

.18

 

Group

γ01

.60

.37

γ11

.20

.24

γ21

.14

.22

- Occurrence of relaxation activities

Intercept

γ00

1.17

.26

γ10

-.15

.09

γ20

-.20

.09

 

Group

γ01

-.89

.35

γ11

.54

.13

γ21

.79*

.13

Variety of relaxation activities

Intercept

γ00

.07

.18

γ10

-.17

.19

γ20

-.09

.20

 

Group

γ01

-.69

.26

γ11

.60

.29

γ21

.60

.22

Occurrence of leisure activities

Intercept

γ00

1.67

.12

γ10

.35

.08

γ20

.23

.09

 

Group

γ01

.09

.15

γ11

-.34

.11

γ21

-.29

.12

Variety of leisure activities

Intercept

γ00

.17

.14

γ10

.37

.18

γ20

.29

.19

 

Group

γ01

.05

.18

γ11

-.27

.24

γ21

-.07*

.25

Variety of everyday coping behaviors

Intercept

γ00

2.14

.06

γ10

-.00

.07

γ20

.09

.07

 

Group

γ01

-.02

.07

γ11

.05

.09

γ21

.02

.09

Social networks

Intercept

γ00

6.48

.28

γ10

-.46

.18

γ20

-.09

.19

 

Group

γ01

-.16

.37

γ11

.25

.24

γ21

.29

.26

  1. * p < .05
  2. Significance of coefficient γ21 is indicative of intervention effects using the following model:
  3. Level 1 model: Outcome = β0j + β1jX1 + β2jX2+ rij
  4. Level 2 model: T1 β0j = γ00 + γ01 Grj + uoj
  5. T2 β1j = γ10 + γ11 Grj
  6. T3 β2j = γ20 + γ21 Grj
  7. Meaning of Coefficients:
  8. γ00 = Predicted value in outcome variable at baseline for participants in control group
  9. γ01 Grj = Predicted difference in outcome variable at baseline for participants in experimental group
  10. γ10 = Predicted change in outcome variable from baseline to pre-intervention for participants in control group
  11. γ11 Grj = Predicted difference in change in outcome variable from baseline to pre-intervention for participants in experimental group
  12. γ20 = Predicted change in outcome variable from baseline to post-intervention for participants in control
  13. γ21 Grj = Predicted difference in change in outcome variable from baseline to post-intervention for participants in experimental group.
  14. where i: 1 .....N individuals ; rij: level 1 error term ; γ : parameter coefficients ; uoj: level-2 random effect ; β: coefficient; Gr: group membership (1 = experimental, 0 = control) ; X1: dummy variable (1 = pre-intervention, 0 = otherwise) ; X2: dummy variable(1 = post-intervention, 0 = otherwise)