Table 2 The Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ)–9 factors and 40 items

Distrust in appetite

1

DA1

If I did not guide or regulate my child’s eating, (s)he would eat much less than (s)he should.^{a, 1}

2

DA2

How often are you firm about how much your child should eat?^{b, 2}

3

DA3*

Who decides how much food your child eats – you or your child?^c

4

DA4*

When your child refuses food they usually eat, do you accept that your child may not be hungry and take the food away?^{b, 3}

Reward for behaviour

5

RB1

I offer sweet foods (lollies, ice-cream, cake, pastries) to my child as a reward for good behaviour.^{a, 1}

6

RB2

I offer my child his/her favourite foods in exchange for good behaviour.^{a, 1}

7

RB3

In order to get my child to behave him/herself I promise him/her something to eat.^{b, 4}

8

RB4

I reward my child with something to eat when (s)he is well behaved.^{b, 4}

9

RB5

I give my child something to eat to make him/her feel better when (s)he is feeling upset.^{b, 4}

10

RB6

I give my child something to eat to make him/her feel better when (s)he has been hurt.^{b, 4}

Reward for eating

11

RE1

…do you promise the child something other than food if (s)he eats (for example, “If you eat your beans, we can go to the park”)?^{b, 5}

12

RE2

When your child refuses food they usually eat, do you encourage to eat by offering a reward other than food?^{b, 3}

13

RE3

…do you encourage the child to eat something by using food as a reward (for example, “If you finish your vegetables, you will get some fruit)?^{b, 5}

14

RE4

When your child refuses food they usually eat, do you encourage to eat by offering a food reward (e.g., dessert)?^{b, 3}

15

RE5

I use desserts as a bribe to get my child to eat his/her main course.^{b, 4}

16

RE6

…do you warn the child that you will take a food away if the child doesn’t eat (for example, “If you don’t finish your vegetables, you won’t get fruit”)?^{b, 5}

Persuasive feeding

17

PF1

If my child says “I’m not hungry” I try to get him/her to eat anyway.^{a, 1}

18

PF2

When your child refuses food they usually eat, do you insist your child eats it?^{b, 3}

19

PF3

I praise my child if (s)he eats what I give him/her.^{b, 4}

20

PF4

…do you reason with the child to get him/her to eat (for example, “Milk is good for your health because it will make you strong”)?^{b, 5}

21

PF5

…do you tell the child to eat something on the plate (for example, “Eat your beans”)?^{b, 5}

22

PF6

…do you say something to show your disapproval of the child for not eating?^{b, 5}

Covert restriction

23

CR1

How often do you avoid going with your child to cafes or restaurants which sell unhealthy foods?^{b, 2}

24

CR2

How often do you avoid buying lollies and snacks e.g., potato chips and bringing them into the house?^{b, 2}

25

CR3

How often do you not buy foods that you would like because you do not want your children to have them?^{b, 2}

26

CR4

How often do you avoid buying biscuits and cakes and bringing them into the house?^{b, 2}

Overt restriction

27

OR1

I have to be sure that my child does not eat too many sweet foods (lollies, ice-cream, cake or pastries).^{a, 1}

28

OR2

I have to be sure that my child does not eat too much of his/her favourite foods.^{a, 1}

29

OR3

I intentionally keep some foods out of my child’s reach.^{a, 1}

30

OR4

If I did not guide or regulate my child’s eating, (s)he would eat too many junk foods.^{a, 1}

Structured meal setting

31

SMS1*

I allow my child to wander around during a meal.^{b, 4}

32

SMS2

I insist my child eats meals at the table.^{b, 4}

33

SMS3

How often are you firm about where your child should eat?^{b, 2}

34

SMS4

My child sits down when having meals.^{b, 3}

Structured meal timing

35

SMT1*

I let my child decide when (s)he would like to have her meal.^{b, 4}

36

SMT2

I decide when it is time for my child to have a snack.^{b, 4}

37

SMT3

I decide the times when my child eats his/her meals.^{b, 4}

Family meal setting

38

FMS1

My child eats main meals with the rest of the family.^{b, 3}

39

FMS2

My child eats the same meals as the rest of the family.^{b, 3}

40

FMS3*

I cook separate meals for my child.^{b, 3}