Table 5 Results from bivariate and multivariate generalised estimation equation regressions of children’s active transport to school against potential predictor variables

Age (years)

0.18*

0.005

5-10

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

11-12

1.72

(0.72, 4.12)

3.44

(1.31, 9.01)

13-14

1.59

(0.70, 3.59)

2.88

(1.15, 7.22)

Sex

0.10*

Male

1.00

Reference

Female

1.79

(0.89, 3.60)

Ethnicity

0.12*

Māori

1.00

Reference

Asian

3.05

(0.91, 10.23)

New Zealand European/other

1.55

(0.59, 4.06)

Average annual household income (NZD)

0.02*

Lower (0-$80,000)

1.00

Reference

Higher ($80,001+)

2.39

(1.13, 5.05)

Car access

0.23

Unlimited/frequent

1.00

Reference

Limited/none

2.04

(0.64, 6.50)

School zoning

0.09*

Residing in school zone

1.00

Reference

Residing outside school zone

0.32

(0.09, 1.20)

Distance to school

<0.001*

<0.001

0-700 m

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

701-1000 m

0.20

(0.07, 0.52)

0.17

(0.06, 0.48)

1001-2000 m

0.38

(0.15, 0.94)

0.34

(0.13, 0.92)

>2000 m

0.02

(0.004, 0.14)

0.02

(0.003, 0.10)

Neighbourhood self selection

0.08*

0.04

Prefer high walkable, live low walkable

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

Other

2.21

(0.91, 5.35)

3.02

(1.07, 8.51)

City^#

0.07*

0.03

North Shore

1.00

Reference

1.00

Reference

Waitakere

0.81

(0.33, 2.02)

0.51

(0.18, 1.42)

Wellington

0.40

(0.15, 1.06)

0.47

(0.13, 1.64)

Christchurch

0.33

(0.13, 0.85)

0.23

(0.08, 0.72)

Rainfall

0.21

None

1.00

Reference

Some

1.13

(0.93, 1.36)

Sun hours

1.02

(0.99, 1.04)

0.16*

Average temperature

1.01

(0.97, 1.04)

0.72