Choosing healthier foods in recreational sports settings: a mixed methods investigation of the impact of nudging and an economic incentive

Table 3 Mean daily sales and gross profits in the full sample, n ± SEM (%)

	Pre- and post- intervention^a	Signage	Signage + taste	Signage + taste + price	P value for interaction with period	Overall mean for all periods	P value for main effect
*Mean daily number of items sold* ^b
Dietary quality					NS		< 0.0001
Healthy items	18.1 ± 2.4 (37.7)	21.5 ± 3.2 (42.3)	18.4 ± 3.3 (35.7)	27.4 ± 3.2 (46.5)		21.4 ±1.5^* (40.8)
Unhealthy items	29.9 ± 2.4 (62.3)	29.4 ± 3.2 (57.7)	33.1 ± 3.3 (64.3)	31.5 ± 3.2 (53.5)		31.0 ± 1.5 (59.2)
Mean total daily sales	24.0 ± 1.8 (23.0)	25.4 ± 2.3 (24.3)	25.7 ± 2.4 (24.6)	29.4 ± 2.3 (28.1)		25.7 ± 1.8	NS
*Mean daily number of calories sold* ^b
Dietary quality					NS		< 0.0001
Healthy items	3067 ± 636 (27.6)	3860 ± 847 (33.0)	2766 ± 877 (23.5)	4955 ± 857 (37.0)		3662 ± 396^* (30.5)
Unhealthy items	8041 ± 636 (72.4)	7821 ± 847 (67.0)	8999 ± 877 (76.5)	8448 ± 857 (63.0)		8327 ± 396 (69.5)
Mean total calories sold	5554 ± 480 (23.2)	5841 ± 606 (24.4)	5883 ± 647 (24.5)	6701 ± 620 (27.9)		5907 ± 381	NS
*Mean daily gross profits in dollars* ^b
Dietary quality					NS		< 0.0001
Healthy items	40.52 ± 6.20 (35.0)	46.05 ± 8.25 (38.3)	38.92 ± 8.53 (31.5)	37.04 ± 8.34 (31.8)		40.63 ± 3.85^* (34.1)
Unhealthy items	75.29 ± 6.20 (65.0)	74.27 ± 8.25 (61.7)	84.60 ± 8.53 (68.5)	79.49 ± 8.34 (68.2)		78.41 ± 3.85 (65.9)
Mean total daily gross profits	57.91 ± 4.67 (24.3)	60.16 ± 5.91 (25.3)	61.76 ± 6.29 (25.9)	58.26 ± 6.03 (24.5)		59.20 ± 3.82	NS

n = 6175 items sold during the study; ANCOVA was used to test for main effects and interactions.
^aValues for the pre- and post-intervention periods were combined as they were not significantly different.
^bValues are adjusted for daily hours of operation, number of pool patrons, and maximum temperature reached.
^*Value differs significantly from the corresponding value for unhealthy items, p < 0.05.

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