Skip to main content

Table 2 Summary of observational studies with physical activity outcomes only

From: A place for play? The influence of the home physical environment on children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour

Author (Year); Country

Sample characteristics (Number, Age, % Male)

Outcome variables

Home physical and social environment independent variables

Adjustments

Internal validity

External validity

House & yard

PA equipment

Media equipment

BR media equipment

Family rules

Family support

Family behaviour

Physical Activity Outcome Only - Cross-Sectional Studies

Aarts (2010); The Netherlands [58]

n=4297; 7–9 yrs, 10–12 yrs; M/F

Outdoor Play (PR)

+F,+M

 

0F,0M

+F,+M

0F,0M

  

Parent ed., school clustering; stratified by age, gender

+

+

Erwin (2007); USA A B D[59]

n=47; 6–13 yrs; 70%

PA level (SR)

 

0

0

    

None

-

-

Haerens (2009); Belguim [60]

n=62; grade 7 & 8; 19%

MVPA time (Acc) (V,R)

 

0

0

  

0

 

Age, SES, gender

+

+

Kerr (2008); USA [61]

n=839; 11–15 yrs; 42%

MVPA level (SR) (V)

 

+F,0M

    

0F,0M

Age, ethnicity, parent ed., parent PA; stratified by gender

+

-

Li (2006); China [62]

n=1787; 11–17 yrs; 50%

Inactivity (SR)

0F,0M

 

0F,0M

 

0F,0M

0F,-M

 

Clustering; stratified by gender

+

++

Maddison (2009); NZC[63]

n=110; 12–17 yrs; 57%

MVPA time (Acc);

 

0

     

Not noted

+

-

MVPA time (SR) (V)

+

McMinn (2011); England [64]

n=2071; 9–10 yrs; 48%

PA counts (Acc)

0

 

0

  

+

 

Sex, age quartiles, mth of measurement, ethnicity, school clustering

++

++

Page (2010); UK [65]

n=1300; 10–11 yrs; 50%

Outdoor play (SR)

0F,0M

      

Daylight, neighbourhood deprivation, pubertal stage, BMI; stratified by gender

+

+

Ridgers (2010); UK [66]

n=110; 9–10 yrs; 41%

MVPA time (Acc) (V,R)

 

0

-

    

School clustering; analysed by week/weekend day time

+

+

Spinks (2006); Aust. [67]

n=518; 5–12 yrs; 54%

Inactivity (PR)

 

0

     

School clustering, gender, age, maternal ed., school transport, organised activity, family size, TV/computer use

+

+

Trang (2009); Vietnam [68]

n=2660; 11–16 yrs; 50%

Inactivity (SR) (V)

0F,-M

 

0F,0M

 

0F,0M

0F,0M

 

Clustering; sample weighted; stratified by gender

++

++

Veitch (2010); Aust. [69]

n=187; 8–9 yrs; 53%

Outdoor play (PR) (R)

0

    

0

 

Not noted; analysed by week/weekend day

+

+

Wong (2010); Hong Kong [70]

n=29,139; mean 14.5/6 yrs; 44%

MVPA time (SR) (V,R)

  

+/-F,-M

    

School clustering, age, family affluence, parent ed.; stratified by sex

++

++

Physical Activity Outcome Only – Longitudinal Studies

Crawford (2010); Aust. [71]

n=301; 10–12 yrs; 46%

MVPA time (Acc) (V)

 

0F,0M

0F,0M

0F,0M

+F,0M

+F,0M

0F,+M

School clustering, baseline age, average zBMI; analysed by sex

++

++

Wilson (2011); USA [72]

n=198; grade 6; 47.5%

MVPA time (Acc)

 

0

  

0

+

 

Baseline MVPA & BMI, free lunch, ethnicity, parent ed., gender, intervention, school clustering

++

++

  1. Longitudinal studies include age at baseline; MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity; Inactivity defined as insufficient MVPA; All analysis at highest multivariate level unless otherwise noted; Significance at p<0.05 unless otherwise noted; M (male) & F (female) entered separately where stratified as such; For studies with multiple groups or time specific outcomes at least half of analysis must show an association in the given direction (‘+’ or ‘-‘) with an independent variable; Adjustments listed as stated in paper; SR self report, PR parent report, Acc accelerometer, V validity reported, R reliability reported, SES socioeconomic status, BMI body mass index, A bivariate analysis, B significance p<0.01; C SEM analysis; D independent measure home environment summary including both physical activity and media equipment.