From: Physical activity patterns among South-Asian adults: a systematic review
Author [ref] Country Year of study | Sample characteristics | Assessment tools and definitions | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Vaz M et al. [20, 21], India, Study year not reported Published 2004 ,2006 | Sample size 782 (males 341, females 441), Age 17-70 yrs Urban setting Convenient sampling | Interviewer administered questionnaire, Physical activity level (PAL) = (Daily Total energy expenditure/Estimated basal metabolic rate), Sedentary/Inactive (PAL) <1.5 | ● Physical activity level (PAL) in adult males 1.22-1.64 and females 1.30-1.56., ● Overall physical activity in oldest group (> 58 yrs) was significantly low and females had low overall physical activity levels than males, ● Discretionary exercise was the highest in the youngest age, ● Women had significantly lower discretionary exercise and higher levels of household chores than males, ● Males and females who did not exercise >20 min/day ranged from 22.6%-60.8% and 40.9%-75.8% across age groups (Lowest in >58 yrs and highest in 36-46 yrs age group), ● People who exercised (recreational) were not active in other domains. |
Krishnan A et al. [23], India 2003-2004 | Sample size 2828, (Males 1359, Females 1469), Age 15-64 yrs, Rural, Multistage sampling | WHO STEPS like survey | ● Inactivity prevalence was 34.2%* (Males - 22.2%, Females -45.5%) and women were more inactive in all domains; ● Inactivity more at leisure time (Males 85.2%, Females 97.3%), and less at transport (Males - 18.8%, Females 45.7%), ● Inactivity at work was Males - 57.2% and Females - 59.9%; ● Physical inactivity was highest in old age (55-64 yrs) and lowest at 35-45 yrs age group |
Sugathan TN et al. [24], India, 2003 - 2004 | Sample size 6579, (Males 2890, Females 3689), Age 30-74 yrs, Urban and rural, Stratified multistage cluster sampling | Interviewer administered questionnaire, Inactive: Always, carrying out only light/sedentary activities in work + leisure + travel, Inactivity calculation based on a Composite index including work + leisure | ● Inactivity prevalence was 22.3% (Males - 22.9%, Females - 21.9% ), ● Urban residents were more inactive (corporation 25.6%, municipality 20.7%) than rural 21.8%, ● Inactivity more at leisure time (74.0%), less at work (31.0%), ● Young (30-34 yrs) were more inactive (24.7%, RR = 1.0) than old (65–74 yrs) (18.9%, RR = 0.7), ● Skilled workers (28.5%, RR = 3.0) and professionals (32.0%, RR = 3.3) more inactive than unskilled (12.3%, RR = 1.0). |
Agrawal VK et al. [25], India, Study year not reported, Published 2006 | Sample size 416, (Males 218, Females 188), Age >30 yrs, Rural, Random sampling | Interviewer administered questionnaire, Inactive: Doing no or very little activity at work, home or transport and discretionary time | ● Inactivity prevalence was 18.5%, ● There was no significant gender difference in prevalence of inactivity, ● In males inactivity was 19.7%, while in females it was 17.0% |
Sullivan R et al. [22], India, 2005-2007 | Sample size 6,447, (Males 3,768, Females 2,679), Age 17-76 yrs, Urban, rural and migrants, Mixed sampling | Interviewer administered questionnaire, PAL was calculated and categorized, PAL <1.40 extremely inactive, PAL 1.40–1.69 sedentary/lightly active | ● Extreme inactivity prevalence 9.7% (Males 7.4%, Females 12.9%), ● Sedentary/lightly active prevalence 62.1% (Males 58.8%, Females 66.7%) |
Mittal M et al. [26], India, Year not reported, Published 2011 | Sample size 520, (Males 260, Females 260), Age 20-50 yrs, Urban and rural, Random sampling | Interviewer administered questionnaire, Inactive: Sedentary job and no physical exercise or cycling, Moderately inactive: Sedentary job and some but <1 hour physical exercise and/or cycling per week OR Standing job and no physical exercise or cycling | ● Prevalence of inactivity 29.4%* (Males 12.7%, Females 46.1%, Urban 29.6%, Rural 29.2%), ● Prevalence of moderate inactivity 21.5%,* (Males 25.7%, Females 17.3%, Urban 30.0%, Rural 13.1%), ● Inactivity was more in Urban and in females, ● Urban females waist circumference reduced (p < 0.05) with increased physical activity, ● BMI showed a steady decline from inactivity to activity |
Haldiya KR et al. [27], India, Study year not reported, Published 2010 | Sample size 1,825, (Males 650, Females 1175), Age >20 yrs, Rural population | Interviewer administered questionnaire, Sedentary lifestyle: those who had never felt increase heart/respiratory rate after work continued at least for 10 minutes | ● 40.0% had a sedentary lifestyle (Males 40.8%, Females 39.7%) |
Agrawal R et al. [28], India, 2009-2010 | Sample size 544, (Males:Females - 1:1), Age >45 yrs, Urban and rural, Multi stage simple random sampling | Interviewer administered questionnaire, Inactivity: Exercise <30 min/day | ● Exercise <30 min/d 88.4% (Urban 88.7%, Rural 88.1%), ● Prevalence of hypertension increased with lack of exercise, ● Prevalence of inactivity 60.1% (Males 52.1%, Females 69.8%) |
Khuwaja AK and, Kadir [29], Pakistan, Study year not reported, Published 2010 | Sample size 534, (Males 292, Females 242), Age 25–64 yrs, Urban, Systematic random sampling | International Physical Activity Questionnaire | ● Females were significantly more inactive than males (OR: 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–3.1, p < 0.001) |
Arambepola C et al. [30], Sri Lanka, 2004 | Sample size 1,400, (Males 720, Females 680), Age 20–64 yrs, Urban and rural, Multi-stage stratified sampling | International Physical Activity Questionnaire | ● Prevalence of inactivity 31.8%* (Males 38.5%, Females 24.7%), ● Inactivity in urban adults 35.2% (Males 41.0%, Females 29.0), ● Inactivity in rural adults (Males 35.0%, Females 19.0%), ● Physical inactivity had a significant association with high BMI among women irrespective of their urban or rural living |
Katulanda P et al. [31], Sri Lanka, 2005-2006 | Sample size 4,485, (Males 1,772, Females 2,713), Age >18 yrs, Urban and rural, Multi-stage random cluster sampling | International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short version | ● Prevalence of inactivity 11.0% (Males 14.6%, Females 8.7%) |